But the recipe metaphor is too vague, says Mitchell. Instead, he and his colleague Nick Cheney at the University of Vermont are borrowing concepts from AI to capture what the genome does. Mitchell points to generative AI models like Midjourney and DALL-E, both of which can generate images from text prompts. These models work by capturing elements of existing images to create new ones.
Say you write a prompt for an image of a horse. The models have been trained on a huge number of images of horses, and these images are essentially compressed to allow the models to capture certain elements of what you might call “horsiness.” The AI can then construct a new image that contains these elements.
We can think about genetic data in a similar way. According to this model, we might consider evolution to be the training data. The genome is the compressed data—the set of information that can be used to create the new organism. It contains the elements we need, but there’s plenty of scope for variation. (There are lots more details about the various aspects of the model in the paper, which has not yet been peer-reviewed.)
Mitchell thinks it’s important to get our metaphors in order when we think about the genome. New technologies are allowing scientists to probe ever deeper into our genes and the roles they play. They can now study how all the genes are expressed in a single cell, for example, and how this varies across every cell in an embryo.
“We need to have a conceptual framework that will allow us to make sense of that,” says Mitchell. He hopes that the concept will aid the development of mathematical models that might help us better understand the intricate relationships between genes and the organisms they end up being part of—in other words, exactly how components of our genome contribute to our development.
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A Disney director tried to use AI to generate a soundtrack in the style of Hans Zimmer. It wasn’t as good as the real thing, as Melissa Heikkilä found.